MPOS Package Fails to Deploy: "This Package Depends on a Framework That Could Not Be Found"

After building the Retail SDK and uploading the installer to a D365FO environment, installation failed with:

Windows cannot install package because this package depends on a framework that could not be found

The MPOS installation error logs had more detail:

System.IO.IOException: Deployment failed with HRESULT: 0x80073CF3,
Package failed updates, dependency or conflict validation.

Windows cannot install package xxx because this package depends on a
framework that could not be found. Provide the framework
"Microsoft.NET.CoreRuntime.1.0" published by "CN=Microsoft Corporation,
O=Microsoft Corporation, L=Redmond, S=Washington, C=US", with neutral
or x64 processor architecture and minimum version 1.0.23819.0, along
with this package to install

The fix

Build the package with the Release configuration:

msbuild /p:Configuration=Release

A debug build doesn't carry the framework dependency the deployment expects — switching to Configuration=Release resolves it.

Thanks to MVP Kurt Hatlevik for pointing this out.